Ammonia,liquid ammonia

 

Ammonia: Essential Gas with Diverse Applications

CAS No. 7664-41-7

Ammonia is a colourless and pungent gas, naturally occurring due to the anaerobic decay of organic matter. It is present in the air, soil, water, and living organisms, including humans. Ammonia is also crucial in various industrial, agricultural, and household applications.

                     Ammonia



Properties of Ammonia (NH3)

  • Physical Properties:
    • Colourless gas with a pungent odour
    • Density: 0.589 times that of air
    • Liquefies at -33.1°C and freezes at -77.7°C
  • Chemical Properties:
    • High ionizing power due to electronegativity (e = 22)
    • Significant standard enthalpy change of vaporization: 23.35 kJ/mol

Uses and Benefits

  1. Fertilizer:

  2. Industrial and Manufacturing:

    • Excellent refrigerant gas for air conditioning and refrigeration
    • Purifies water supplies and is used in plastics, explosives, fabrics, pesticides, and dyes
    • Integral in waste treatment, cold storage, rubber, pulp and paper, food, and beverage industries
    • Crucial in pharmaceutical manufacturing

  3. Household Cleaning:

    • Ammonium hydroxide is used in cleaning products
    • Effective against grime and stains from fats and oils
    • Common in glass cleaner solutions to avoid streaking

Method of Production: The Haber Process

Ammonia is commercially produced using the Haber process, where nitrogen reacts with hydrogen over a silver catalyst at high pressures and temperatures. This process achieves an ammonia yield of 15-20%.

Global Production:

  • China leads the world in ammonia production, with 42 million metric tons produced in 2022.

Conclusion

Ammonia is indispensable in global agriculture, industrial applications, and household cleaning. Its role in fertilizers links atmospheric nitrogen to our food supply. While the potential for ammonia as a clean fuel is emerging, its primary uses remain in agriculture and industry.

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